Reference notes / 14
Ingredient density
in plain numbers.
These grams-per-cup values power the calculator. They are practical kitchen estimates, not universal constants: packing, aeration, grind size, and temperature can all change volume.
IngredientGrams per cupMethod note
All-purpose flour120gspooned and level
Granulated sugar200gfine crystal
Brown sugar (packed)220gfirmly packed
Butter227gsolid or melted
Powdered sugar120gsifted and level
Water / milk237gliquid
Rolled oats80gold-fashioned
White rice185guncooked
Chocolate chips170gsemi-sweet
Honey340gliquid
Almonds (whole)140gwhole
Cocoa powder100gunsifted
Salt292gfine table salt
Baking powder192glevel spoon
Vegetable oil218gliquid
For the most repeatable bake, use a kitchen scale. When a recipe only gives cups, use the ingredient-specific result rather than a generic conversion.